Coffee is more than just a morning pick-me-up; it’s a global cultural phenomenon with a rich history and an array of flavours that captivate the senses. Central to this diversity are the different types of coffee beans, each with its unique characteristics and flavour profiles. There are four different types of coffee beans, those being Robusta, Arabica, Liberica, and Excelsa.
1. Arabica
Origins and Growing Conditions: Arabica coffee is the most popular and widely consumed type of coffee bean, accounting for about 60-70% of global coffee production. It originates from the highlands of Ethiopia and is now primarily grown in Latin America, particularly in countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Arabica beans thrive in high altitudes, between 2,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level, and require a cool, subtropical climate with plenty of rain and shade.
Flavour Profile: Arabica beans are known for their smooth, complex flavours and aromatic qualities. They often have a balanced taste with notes of fruit, sugar, and hints of berries or wine. The acidity in Arabica coffee is typically higher than in other beans, contributing to its bright and lively flavour.
2. Robusta
Origins and Growing Conditions: Robusta coffee is the second most popular type, comprising about 30-40% of global coffee production. It originates from sub-Saharan Africa but is now widely grown in regions such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and parts of Africa. Robusta plants are hardier than Arabica, capable of growing at lower altitudes (sea level to 2,000 feet) and in hotter climates. They are more resistant to pests and diseases, making them easier and cheaper to cultivate.
Flavour Profile: Robusta beans have a strong, bold flavour with a higher caffeine content than Arabica. The taste is often described as earthy, bitter, and sometimes harsh, with notes of nuts and grains. Due to its robust flavour, it is commonly used in espresso blends to provide a strong base and good crema.
3. Liberica
Origins and Growing Conditions: Liberica coffee is less common, making up only a small fraction of the world's coffee production. It is native to Western and Central Africa but is primarily grown in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Liberica plants are large and can grow at various altitudes, though they prefer lowland tropical climates.
Flavour Profile: Liberica beans have a unique flavour profile that sets them apart from Arabica and Robusta. The taste is often described as smoky, woody, and floral, with a distinct fruity and nutty aroma. The beans themselves are larger and more irregular in shape compared to other coffee beans.
4. Excelsa
Origins and Growing Conditions: Excelsa coffee is a variety of Liberica, but it has distinct characteristics that warrant separate classification. It is predominantly grown in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam and the Philippines. Excelsa thrives in similar conditions to Liberica, preferring lowland, tropical environments.
Flavour Profile: Excelsa beans are known for their unique, tart, and fruity flavour, with a complex profile that combines both light and dark roast characteristics. They often have a mysterious, almost wine-like quality, making them popular for blending with other coffee types to enhance depth and complexity.
Each type of coffee bean brings its own story, from the highlands of Ethiopia to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Arabica’s smooth, nuanced flavours, Robusta’s bold, robust character, Liberica’s unique smoky profile, and Excelsa’s complex tartness all contribute to the rich tapestry of coffee experiences. Whether you’re a casual coffee drinker or a dedicated connoisseur, understanding the different types of coffee beans can enhance your appreciation for this beloved beverage and guide you on your next coffee adventure.